India Launches 6th IRNSS Satellite

PSLV – C32 Launches India’s Sixth Navigation Satellite IRNSS-IF

On Thursday, India successfully launched its Sixth navigation Satellite, 1,425 kg IRNSS – IF, into the intended orbit. ISRO,s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV – C32, in its thirty fourth flight, put the Satellite into precise orbit 20.2 minutes after the lift off as the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO’s)Scientist at the Mission Control Centre broke into applause. PSLV – C32 blasted off the Satellite into high altitude from the second launch pad at 4.01 PM at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota. This is the thirty third consecutive successful mission of PSLV.

IRNSS is an independent Indian regional navigation satellite System. It is designed to cater position information in the Indian region and 1,500 km around the Indian mainland. IRNSS would cater two kinds of services. The first service, Standard Positioning Services (SPS) is provided to all user; the second service, Restricted Services (RS) is provided only to authorized users.

A number of ground stations accountable for the generation and transmission of navigation parameters, satellite ranging and monitoring, etc, have been set up in eighteen locations across the country.

IRNSS – !G, the last satellite of this system, is going to be launched by PSLV in April 2016, thus completing the IRNSS constellation.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre

It is the Indian Space Research Centre’s (ISRO’s) main satellite launch centre. It was situated in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, 80 km north of Chennai. It was originally called Sriharikota High Altitude Range (SHAR),an acronym that ISRO has withheld to the present day and then Sriharikota Launching Range, the centre was renamed after the death of ISRO’s former Chairman, Satish Dhawan, in 2002.

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre has, till date, 52 launches to its credit out of 52, 42 launches have been recorded as successful. It has 8 failed launches accorded to it.

The Five Previous IRNSS Satellite

IRNSS – 1 A

IRNSS- 1A, the first navigational satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite (IRNSS) series of satellites, had been developed at a cost of Rs. 1.25 billion (US $ 18 million). It was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) on 1, July 2013 at 11:41 PM.

The launch was deferred from its initial launch date of 26 June 2013, because of a technical snag in the 2ndstage of the PSLV- C22 launch rocket.

The satellite was launched to cater services to the Indian public this system would be system similar to Global Positioning System (GPS), but only for India and the region around it.

IRNSS – 1B

IRNSS – 1B, 1,432 kg. satellite, was launched on 4 April 2014 at 17:14 IST, aboard the PSLV – C24 fromSDSC, Sriharikota. It was launched to help enhancing the satellite based navigation System of India which was then under development.

IRNSS – 1C

IRNSS – 1C was launched on 16 October 2014 at 01:32 AM, by PSLV – C@^ from SDSC in Sriharikota. The satellite will cater navigation, tracking and mapping services.

IRNSS -1D

IRNSS – 1D, is a satellite slate to provide navigational services, which was then under development. It was launched successfully on 28 March 2015 onboard ISRO’s PSLV – 27 from SDSC. The total cost of the mission was about Rs. 14 billion.

IRNSS – 1E

IRNSS – 1E, the fifth out of seven in the IRNSS series of satellite, was launched into orbit on January 20, 2016.

Polar Satellite launch Vehicle, in its 33rd flight (PSLV – C#!), launched the satellite from SDSC. The satellite will provide navigation, tracking and mapping services.

source-IAS

QUICK REVIEW ON FEBRUARY MONTH CURRENT AFFAIRS

==================
APPOINTMENTS

1. UK Sinha – SEBI Chairman ( Re Appointed ) .

2. Visal Sikka – Infosys CEO ( Re Appointed ).

3. Christiana Lagarde – Managing Director of IMF ( Re Appointed ).

4. Vinod Rai – Chairman of Bank Board Bureau ( BBB ).

5. DJ Pandian – Vice President of AIIB.

6. HL Dattu –Chairperson of National Human Rights Commission ( NHRC ).

7. Kalikho Pul – 9th Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh.

8. Sri Srinivasan – First Indian American Judge of US Supreme Court.

9. Archana Ramasundaram – Director General of Sahastra Seema Bal ( First Woman to Head Paramilitary Force ).

10. Aruna Sethi – First Woman to Head Indian Cost Accounting Service ( ICAS ).

OBITUARY

1. Nida Fazli– Hindu & Urdu Poet.

2. ONV Kurup – Malayalam Poet.

3. Harper Lee – Novelist.

4. Umberto Eco – Novelist.

5. Dan Hicks – American Song Writer & Singer.

6. Akbar Kakkatil – Malayalam Writer.

7. Abdul Rashid – Vocalist .

8.Rajamani – Music Composer.

9.SS Tarapore – Former RBI Deputy Governor.

10. Sushil Koirala – Former Prime Minister of Nepal.

AWARDS

1. Pandit Dinanath Mangeshkar Award – Ranaveer Singh & Sanjay Leela Bhansali.

2. Knight Legion of Honour ( France Highest Civilian Award) – Manish Arora ( Indian Fashion Designer ).

3. Pride of Kerala – Vidya Balan.

4. World Press Photo Prize 2015 – Warren Richardson ( Australian Photographer ).

5. Israel Prize – David Shulman ( Renowned Indologist ).

6. Bhimsen Joshi Award – Ramnarayan ( Sarangi Maestro ).

7.K Veeramani Award– Nitish Kumar ( Bihar Chief Minister ).

8. Aryabhatta Award – Avinash Chander ( Ex DRDO Chairman ).

9. Shanataraman Lifetime Achievement Award – Naresh Bedi.

10. Times Magazine Best Manufacturing Indian Company – Tata Steel.

AWARDS – MOVIES

BAFTA AWARDS /GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS / OSCAR AWARDS

1. Best Picture – The Revenant.

2. Best Director – Alzandro Gonzalez ( The Revenant ).

3. Best Actor – Leonardo Dicaprio ( The Revenant ).

4. Best Actress – Brie Larson ( Room ).

Above Awards Winners are Same for All BAFTA/GOLDEN GLOBE /OSCAR Except

1. Oscar Best Picture – Spot Light.

2. Oscar Best Foreign Film –Son of Saul ( Hungary ).

Other Awards

1. Resul Pookutty – First Asian to Win Golden Reel Award For his Indian Daughter Documentary Film in the Category of Best Sound & Music Editing.

2. Titli – First Indian Film to Win Best Foreign Film Award by French Syndicate of Cinema Critics ( FSCC ).

3. Ottal Malayalam Film won Best Children Film in 66th Berlin International Film Festival.

4.Kanavu Variyam Tamil Film Won Remi Award in United States.

5.Phum Shang Manipuri Documentary Film Won Gold Conch Award in Mumbai International Film Festival.

6. 58th Grammy Award – Best Album of the Year – Taylor Swift (1989 ).

7. Rohith Sharma Became Brand Ambassdor of Nissan( Japaneese Car Maker ) along with West Indies Allrounder Andrew Russel & Newzealand Skipper Suzie Bates.

8. Mushrafe Mortaza Goodwill Ambassdor of United Nation Development Programme ( UNDP ) ( Head Quarters – Newyork ).

9. Sharukh Khan – Brand Ambassdor of Reliance Jio.

10. Amar Singh ( Indian Origin Sikh )– Kualalmpur Police Commissioner.

BANKING/ECONOMIC NEWS

1.RBI Extended $2bn Currency Swap Agreement with SAARC Nations till Mid Novemeber 2017.

2.SBI Launches SBI E Smart – To Provide Working Capital Loan For E-Commerce Companies.( tiesup With Snap Deal ).

SBI INCUBE – For Startup Companies in Bengaluru.

SBI Exclusif – Wealth management.

JAPAN DESK – Japan Inbound Transactions.

FLEXIPAY – Homeloan EMI Varies depends On Salary.

3.Indian Post Payment Bank got Approval with 800 Crore Capital to Setup Paymemt Bank from Public Investment Board ( PIB ). Starts Operations From March 2017.

4. Aditya Birla Nuvo Tiesup With Idea Cellular to Setup Payment Banks ( Previously Airtel MCommerces With Kotak Mahindra Bank , Reliance with SBI ).

5.MasterCard Payment Gateway launches Mobile Technologies Online Payments Through Selfies & Finger Prints.

6. ICICI Academy aims to impart Skills training to 1 Lakh Youth by 2017.

7. Corporation Bank tiesup with Sompo General Insurance Company to provide Accidental Death Packages Namely Corp Signature ( Provides 10 Lakhs ) , Corp Super ( Provides 5 lakhs ).

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL

1. As Per Quality Mercer of Life World Best City to Live – Vienna , Austria, World Worst City to Live – Bhagdad ,

India Best City – Hyderabad ( 139th rank ).

2. As Per Economic Intelligence Unit World Best City to Live Melbourne,Australia , World

Worst City – Damascus, Syria

3. As Per Trip Advisor World Best Hotel 2016 – Umaid Bhawan,Jodhpur,Rajasthan .

Asia Travellor Choice Awards – Goa ( Agonda Beach -4th Rank ,Palolam Beach -8th Rank ) ,Radhanagar Beach – 10th .

4. World Largest Arm Importer – India . Largest Arm Supplier – Russia.

5. World Most Valubale Company – Alphabet ( $547.1bn ) overtakes Apple ( $529.3 bn )

6. Apple will Launch its First Technology Centre in Hyderabad ,Telangana.

7. World Most Powerful Company Brand In IT Services – TCS ( CEO N.Chandrasekaran )

8. TCS named UK Biggest Employer with 11,000 Employees across 30 Locations.

9. World First Parliament To Completely Run on Solar Power – National Assembly,Pakistan.

10. Worl Longest Non-Stop Scheduled Commercial Flight – Airbus A380 ( From Dubai to Auckland Covering 14,200 KM ).

11. World First Fast Acting Anti Rabies Medicine launched in India – RMAb ( Rabies Human Monoclonal Antibody ).

12. World Cheapest Phone – Freedom 251 launched by Noida Company Ringing Bells.

13. First Silk Road Train Route – Zhejiang (China ) to Tehran ( Iran ).

14. India First Ever Robot – Tata Brabo manufactured by Tata Group ( Comes Before May 2016 )

15. India Lightest Gun – Nidar ( Weight 250 gms ,Cost -35000 Rupees ) developed by Rifle Factory,Ishapore,West Bengal.

16.India First Aviation Park – Bagodara Village,Ahmedabad,Gujurat.

17. India First Gender Park – Kozhikode,Kerala. Inaugurated by President Pranab Mukharjee

18.India First Aquifier Mapping State – Haryana

19. India Cleansest Smart City – Bhubaneshwar ( Capital City – Bengaluru , City – Mysuru ).

20. India Longest Railway Bridge is Going to Comeup in Katni,MadhyaPradesh With 21 Km ( 5 Years to Take Completion ).

21. Banaras Hindu University ,Varanasi Turns 100 Years on Feb 13 ,2016 . Founder – Pandit Madan Mohan Malavya.

22. Maharashtra Topped in the List of Internet Readiness Index as Per IAMAI.( Internet And Mobile Association of India ).

AGREEMENTS

1.India With Srilanka – School Renovation & Health.

Armenia- Agriculture Cooperation.

Sweden– Technical Cooperation on Railways.

UK – Research in Crop Science.

2.Prasara Bharati with Empressa de Brazil Communication ( EBC ) to ExchangeNews,Programme.

3.Punjab with British Pig Association ( BPA )to Develop & Promotee Piggery in the State.

4.Haryana with Ontario( Canada) to Enhance Commercial & Cultural ties.

5.Chattisgrah with Indian railways For Railway infrastructure Development in th State.

6.Uber with Maharashtra to skil development Entrepreneurship to Create 75000 Jobs.

7.Ola with Uttarpradesh to Create 50000 Entrepreneurs Across the State.

FESTIVALS & SUMMITS

1. Mahamagam festival ( Holy Dip Festival ) – Kumbakonam,Tamilnadu.( Every 12 Years ).

2. Taj Literature Festival – Agra,Uttarpradesh.

3.Vision Conclave Global Ayurveda Festival – Kozhikode,Kerala.

4.National Science festival – Mumbai.

5.National Homeopathic Congress,Homeovision 2016- Nagpur.

6.Vibrant North East Event – Guwhati

7. 30th Surajkand International Crafts Mela- Faridabad,Haryana ( Theme State- Telangana )

8.International Radio Fair – Bhubaneswar

9.India Going to Host First Ever Global Maritime Summit in April 2016.

10. US ASEAN Special Leaders Summit – California,US.

SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY/DEFENCE

1.SuryaKiran IX 2016 –Military Exercise between India & Nepal in Uttharakand.

2. Lamitye 2016 – Military Exercise between India & Seychelles in Victoria.

3. CobraGold 2016 – Military Exercise between India & Thailand.

4. IMCOR – India Myanamar Coordinated Patrolling.

5. Prithvi II – India Ballastic Missile from Odis6. Minuteman – US Ballastic Missile.

7. Tiangong-2 –China launched Second Space Laboratory.

8. INS Arihant – Indias First Nuclear Submarine ready to Operate.

9.INS Viraat – World Oldest Aircraft Carrier Converted into Luxury Hotel.

10. ISRO to setup Satellite Centre for ASEAN Countries in Vietnam.

SPORTS

1. 12th SOUTH ASIAN GAMES

Hosted – Guwhati & Shillong;

Mascot – Tikhor ( One Horned Rhino );

Motto –Play for Peace ,Progress & Prosperity.

Countries Participated – 8 ( Maldives,Bhutan,Bangladesh,Srilanka , Pakistan,Afghanisthan,India,Nepal ).

Top – India – 308 Medals ( Gold -188, Silver-90,Bronze -30 )

India Squash Player Joshna Chinappa Won Gold Medal.

India Long Distance Runner Kavita Raut Won Gold Medal.

Next 2018-Khatmandu,Nepal.

2. Argentina Football Player Lionel Messi won Laliga Player of the Month.

3.Giani Infantino Appointed as FIFA President.

4. Kidambi Srikanth Won Mens Single title of Syed Modi International Badminton Championship against Huang Xiuang ( China ).

5. Aditya Mehta Won 83rd National Snooker Champion ship.

6. Kerala Emerged as 61st National School Athletic Championship.

7. Fukuoka ( Japan ) to Host 2021 World Aquatic Championship; 2023 – Doha,Qatar.

8. Lords ( England ) to Host 2017 Womens Cricket World cup Final.

9. Chappel- Hadlee ODI Trophy Won by Newzealand against Australia.

10. Newzealand Cricketer Brendon Mcculum Announces Retirement and Scores Fastest Test 100 ( 52 Balls ) Against Australia.

11.BCCI Banned Pakistan Umpire Asad rauf For 5 Years due to IPL Fixing Allegations.

12. ICC appointed Rahul Dravid in ICC Anti Corruption Group.

13.Mumbai Team Won Ranji Trophy 41st Time Against Saurashtra.

14. Playing It My Way Sachin Autobiography Creates Limca Book of World records By Selling Most Number Of Copies with 1,50,289.

15. U-19 Cricket World Cup Hosted by Bangladesh.

Total teams – 16 ;

Matches – 48.

Winner – West Indies against India.

Indian player Rishabh Pant Scores Fastest 50 in 18 Balls.

14. MS Dhoni is become First Captain To Score 200 International Sixes.

15. Australian Open 2016 Winners.

Mens Single – N.Djocavic ( Serbia )against Andy Murray ( UK ).

Womens Single – Angelique Kerber ( German ) against Serena Williams.

Womens Double- Sania Mirza & Matina Hingis against Andrea Hlavakova & Lucie Hradecka.

Mens Double Winner - Jamie Murray & Bruno Soares against Daniel Nestor & Radek Stepanek.

16.Punjab Warriors won 2016 Hockey India League against Kaling Lancrers ( Odisha ) by 6-1.Final Held in – Birsamunda Stadium,Ranchi ,Jharkand.

Indian Tax Structure

Notes on Indian Tax Structure

When country or a state legislature enacts a new tax, the debate usually includes some opinions about who should pay for running the government or for the particular program being supported by the tax. A means by which government finance their expenditure by imposing charges on citizens and corporate entitles.

Economists distinguish between those who bear the burden of a tax and those on whom a tax is imposed. Taxes in India are imposed by the Central Government and the state governments. Some minor taxes are also imposed by the local authorities such as Municipality.

According to Indian Constitution, Article 246 distributes legislative powers including taxation, between the Parliament of India and the State Legislature. The Central Board of Revenue or Department of Revenue is the apex body charged with the administration of taxes. It is a part of Ministry of Finance which came into existence as a result of the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924.

Central Government levies taxes on income (except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can levy), customs duties, and central excise and service tax.

State Government levies taxes – Value Added Tax (VAT), Stamp Duty, State Excise, Land Revenue and Profession Tax.

Local bodies are empowered to levy tax on Properties, Octroi and for utilizations like water supply, drainage etc.

In Indian taxation system, system is divided into two taxes – Direct Taxation and Indirect Taxation.

Direct Taxes – In Direct Taxes the burden directly falls on the taxpayer.

• Income Tax – According to Income Tax Act 1961, every person, who is an assessee and whose total income exceeds the maximum exemption limit, shall be chargeable to the income tax at the rate prescribed in the Financial Act. Such income tax shall be paid on the total income of the previous year in the relevant assessment year.
• Wealth Tax – Wealth tax, in India, is levied under Wealth-tax Act, 1957. Wealth tax is a tax on the benefits derived from property ownership. The tax is to be paid year after year on the same property on its market value. Chargeability to tax also depends upon the residential status of the assessee same as the residential status for the purpose of the Income Tax Act.

Indirect Taxes

• Service Tax- It is a tax levied on services provided in India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The responsibility of collecting the tax lies with the Central Board of Excise and Customs. From 2012, service tax is imposed on all services, except those which are specifically exempted under law.
• Excise Duty –Central Excise duty is an indirect tax levied on goods manufactured in India. Excisable goods have been defined as those defined as those, which have been specified in the Central Excise Tariff Act as being subjected to the duty of excise. There are three types of excise duties:

1.      Basic Excise Duty

2.      Additional Duty of Excise

3.      Special Excise Duty

• Custom Duty- Custom or import duties are levied by the Central Government of India on the goods imported in India. The rate at which customs duty is leviable on the goods depends on the classification of the goods determined under the customs traffic.
• Value Added Tax – VAT is a multi-stage tax on goods that is levied across various stages of production and supply with credit given for tax paid at each stage of value addition.

What are the Different Cases of Nouns in English Language

Dear Readers, in continuation to the English notes we have provided earlier, here are some very important notes on the Different Cases of Nouns in English Language which will be very helpful to improve your English.

Nouns and Pronouns in English are said to display case according to their function in the sentence.

Nouns have three cases:

• Subjective
• Objective
• Possessive

The case of the noun depends on how the noun functions in the sentence. Is the noun used as the main subject of the sentence? Is the noun used to show possession of something else? Is the noun in the sentence receiving something from another object? Does the noun follow a preposition? Answering the above questions can help you determine the type of nouns found in a sentence.

Cases of Nouns: Subjective

Subjective nouns are sometimes referred to as nominative nouns. These nouns either are the subject of the sentence or they are used as a predicate noun, which follows a ‘be’ verb and renames the main subject of the sentence.  These are likely the easiest nouns to spot, as they are typically the subject of the verb in the sentence.

Let’s take a look at a few examples of subjective/nominative nouns:

• Mary drove to the store. Mary is a subjective noun; she is the one who drove.
• Elvis sang for many years. Elvis was the one doing the singing; Elvis is the subjective noun.

Cases of Nouns: Objective

Nouns are referred to as objective when they function as the recipient of action or are the object of a preposition.  Locating the objective nouns can be a bit trickier than spotting a subjective or predicate noun, but with a little practice you will have no trouble identifying these cases of nouns in a sentence.

• Please send him immediately. (In this example, the pronoun him is in the objective case.)
  Dad prepared the dinner.
  Our dog crawled under the fence.
  Mom gave us the money.

Important Points to remember

Examine these sentences:-

1. John threw a stone.
2. The horse kicked the boy.

In sentence 1, the noun John is the Subject. It is the answer to the question, “Who threw a stone?”

The group of words threw a stone is the Predicate.

The Predicate contains the verb threw.

What did John throw?

– A stone.

Stone is the object which John threw. The noun stone is therefore called the Object.

In sentence 2, the noun horse is the Subject. It is the answer to the question, “Who kicked the boy?”

The noun boy is the Object. It is the answer to the question, “Whom did the horse kick?”

Note: To find the Nominative, put Who? or What? before the verb.

To find the Accusative put, Whom? or What? before the verb and its subject.

Cases of Nouns: Possessive

Nouns are considered possessive when they are used to show ownership of something. They will sometimes use an apostrophe, but this is not always the case. Pronouns can also be used in the possessive case, as in ‘his backpack’ or ‘her purse’.

Examine the sentence:-

This is Ram’s umbrella.

Ram’s umbrella = the umbrella belonging to Rama.

The form of the noun Rama is changed to Rama’s to show ownership of possession. The

Noun Rama’s is therefore said to be in the possessive (or Genitive) Case

The Possessive answers the question, ‘Whose?’

Whose umbrella? – Rama’s.

The Possessive Case does not always denote possession. It is used to denote authorship, origin, kind, etc. as,

• Shakespeare’s plays = the plays written by Shakespeare.
• A mother’s love = the love felt by a mother.
• The President’s speech = the speech delivered by the President.
• Mr. Aggarwal’s house = the house where Mr. Aggarwal lives.
• Ashok’s school = the school where Ashok goes.
• A children’s playground = a playground for children.
• A week’s holiday = a holiday which lasts a week.

We hope that the points in the above article would have built a base of the Different Cases of Nouns in English Language for those who did not know them and would have cleared some doubts regarding the topic of those who knew them already.

Formation of the Possessive Case

(1) When the noun is Singular, the Possessive Case is formed by adding ‘s to the noun; as,

• The boy’s book; the king’s crown.

Note: The letter s is omitted in a few words where too many hissing sounds would come together; as,

• For conscience’ sake; for goodness’ sake;
• For justice’ sake; for Jesus’ sake; Moses’ laws.

(2) When the noun is Plural, and ends in s, the Possessive Case is formed by adding only an apostrophe; as,

• Boys’ school; girls’ school; horses’ tails.

(3) When the noun is Plural but does not end in s, the Possessive sign is formed by adding ‘s as,

• Men’s club; children’s books.

(4) When a noun or a title consists of several words, the Posses sive sign is attached only to the last word; as,

• The King of Bhutan’s visit.
• The Prime Minister of Mauritius’s speech.

(5) When two nouns are in apposition, the possessive sign is put to the latter only; as,

• That is Tagore the poet’s house.

(6) Also when two nouns are closely connected, the possessive is put to the latter; as,

• Karim and Salim’s bakery.
• William and Mary’s reign.

(7) Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate possession must take the possessive sign; as,

• Raja Rao’s and R.K. Narayan’s novels.
• Goldsmith’s and Cowper’s poems.

Use of the Possessive Case

The Possessive Case is now used chiefly with the names of living thing; as,

• The Governor’s bodyguard; the lion’s mane.

So we must say:

• The leg of the table [not, the table’s leg].
• The cover of the book [not, the book’s cover].
• The roof of the house [not, the house’s roof).

NOTE: The Possessive is also used with nouns denoting time, space or weight; as,

• A day’s march; a week’s holiday; in a year’s time; a stone’s throw; a foot’s length; a pound’s weight.

The following phrases are also in common use:-

• At his fingers’ ends; for mercy’s sake; to his heart’s content; at his wit’s end; a boat’s crew.

The possessive of a proper name or of a noun denoting a trade, profession, or relationship may be used to denote a building or place of business (church, house, school, college, shop, hospital, the theatre; etc.) as,

• She has gone to the baker’s (baker’s shop).
• Tonight I am dining at my uncle’s (uncle’s house).
• Can you tell me the way to St .Paul’s (St. Paul’s church)?
• I attend the Town High School but my cousin attends St. Xavier’s.
• He was educated at St. Joseph’s.

When you are in doubt whether to use a noun in the possessive case or with the preposition of, remember that, as a general rule, the possessive case is used to denote possession or ownership. Thus it is better to say ‘the defeat of the enemy’ than ‘the enemy’s defeat’, even though no doubt as to the meaning would arise.

Sometimes, however, a noun in the possessive case has a different meaning from a noun used with the preposition of; as,

• ‘The Prime Minister’s reception in Delhi’ means a reception held by the Prime Minister in Delhi.
• ‘The reception of the Prime Minister in Delhi’ means the manner in which the people welcomed him when he entered Delhi.
• The phrase ‘the love of a father’ may mean either ‘a father’s love of his child’ or ‘a child’s love of his father’.

Nouns in Apposition

Read the following sentence:-

Rama, our captain, made fifty runs.

We see that Rama and our captain is one and the same person. The noun captain follows the noun Rama simply to explain which Rama is referred to.

When one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the noun which comes before it.

[Apposition means placing near.]

A noun in apposition is in the same case as the noun which it explains.

In the above sentence the noun captain is in apposition to the noun Rama, and is in the Nominative Case (because Rama is in the Nominative Case.)

Further examples:-

1. Kabir, the great reformer, was a weaver.
2. Yesterday I met your uncle, the doctor.
3. Have you seen Ganguli, the artist’s drawings?

In sentence 1, the noun in apposition is in the Nominative Case.

In sentence 2, the noun in apposition is in the Accusative Case. [Why?]

In sentence 3, the noun in apposition is in the Genitive Case. [Why?]

Things to remember:

Except for the possessive forms (usually formed by the addition of an apostrophe and the letter s), nouns do not change form in English. The chart below illustrates the different forms among the cases.